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Executive summary:

Supply chain management has helped various companies in the present day world achieve long term sustenance and growth. IKEA has applied supply chain management in the different political, economic and physical environment around the globe. The company has successfully accomplished its global coordination and applied various R&D activates to achieve the efficient production system and deal with the concept of lead time and time compression. Hence efforts are made to accomplish various corporate goals and customers delivered cost effective outcomes.

SCM or Supply Chain Management is a term used for the effective and efficient management of flow of goods such that various actions and steps could bring out the desired level of outcome. This way it involves the efficient movement of the goods and services such that the loss in transit is avoided and on time delivery of the consignment takes place. Along with that it takes into consideration the storage of raw material and inventory management of finished good such that the cost of operation remains low. The outcome of SCM is therefore a highly integrated network of movement of goods and material with careful application of various supply chain activities with the objective of meeting cost effective outcome without affecting quality. The present day businesses applies SCM to achieve value added flow of goods and services in the supply chain achieving strategic coordination in the business process(Cagno et al., 2011).

2. Introducing IKEA:

IKEA is a multinational ready to assemble furniture selling company. The company was established in year 1943 in Sweden and since then has been delivering quality outcome and low cost furniture goods to the customers. At present the company has its business developed in Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, Atlantic and even Oceanic countries. The main feature of the company is that it produces ready to assemble furniture that can be assembled easily by the customers. Thus efforts are made to save huge chunk of money that could have been spent on inventory management. Also the travelling expenditure and other taxes that could have been levied on the final good are saved. This savings is passed on to the customers, who get the cost effective but high quality products at the door step. The customer is expected to assemble the product easily with the guidelines delivered along with the ready to assemble furniture. This way through self-efforts the customers could save lot of money and assemble the high quality IKEA furniture at their homes and offices.IKEA till March 2016 had nearly 384 stores in about 48 countries around the globe. The company has list of 12, 0000 products to offer to its customers. On an estimate, the company’s website is visited by nearly 470 million visitors in a year. This way the company has become a largest furniture selling company in the global market(Davies, 2015).

3. Difference in supply chain environment:

The supply chain environment in different region has resulted in bringing out a list of strategic moves by IKEA to achieve its corporate goal, meet up to customer satisfaction and deliver the required pre-requisites related with legal, economic social needs to different regions. Therefore efforts are made for establishing relationship between different organizations under different political, economic and physical environment. The company has its offices in Asia, Europe, Africa and various other continents. Therefore the environment supply chain management on the basis of political, economic and physical environment can be done as follows.

A. Political Environment:

The political environment in Europe is much safe than Asia and Africa. The countries in Europe observe stability of government, effective government bureaucracy and positive international relations. On the other hand, the similar characteristics are absent in Asia and completely unavailable in Africa. Therefore the company has developed its business with priorities in the countries offering conducive political environment so that its stores could operate safely and the customers can be offered value for service in tension free political environment. Also the business is preferred to be developed in such countries where the political and social well welcomes the business of the company. Because of this reason only the selected countries in Asia and Africa are observing the development of IKEA business. In Asia, IKEA has its business outlets in Japan, Singapore, South Korea and recently China in the Asian continent. In Africa, IKEA is present only in South Africa, Egypt and Morocco(Zhou et al., 2008).

B. Economic Environment:

The economic environment includes the structure and nature of the economy, economic condition and policies, global linkages and economic policy. These factors support the development and growth of the business. Since, the economic environment of the global countries is suffering from the depression stage since the inception of the global slowdown from year 2008. Due to this reason IKEA is developing its business in new economic boundaries. The developing countries of Asia are therefore the target regions of development. This is because of the reason that the global meltdown has hardly affected the Asian countries such as China, India and others. Therefore the company has already established its huge stores in China and planning to expand its area of operation in India soon. China has infect became the top business place for the company by contributing to 18% of the global sales. This way the company is making efficient decision in developing business in those countries that are observing lesser heat of economic slowdown.

C. Physical Environment:

The physical environment and its concerns are high in the European continent than in Asia and Africa. However concerns of safeguarding the physical environment is rising at a high pace in other continents as well. Therefore, IKEA has developed a global strategy meant to accomplish the safety of physical environment in all locations. The company has developed standards that help its business set up in various countries to meet the safety requirements for the physical environment. The supply chain environment differs from region to region as per the government regulations and societal interest. In the developed economies, the concerns for reducing carbon footprints are high as compared to the developing and underdeveloped economies. Due to this reason, IKEA has developed a uniform policy for developing a strategic supply chain environment in all regions that applies Green Supply Chain Management. That is efforts are made in every step business process to retrieve the high quality, cost effective and lesser polluting output(Rao, 2002).

4. Managing coordination across the globe:

IKEA has been managing efficiently its close coordination across the globe including any offshoring decisions and location specific advantages. To deal with the offshoring decisions, the company has developed a matrix system of hierarchy in the organization is developed. That is the employees in the different warehouses and retails stores around the globe are actually directed to work under the combination of functional and product hierarchy structure. That is through matrix structure the different departments are made but integrated such that the higher authorities assigned could control the course of business and take effective decision make. Also the reporting is made compulsory at regular intervals applying the online system through which the controls over the expanded business are applied. This way the offshoring business is also kept under tight control by applying the various procedures and control applications so that the business could continue to meet its quality standards and effective outcomes such that the customer satisfaction is achieved and the organization goals are met. The location specific advantages are also taken by the company by developing a head center in different countries through which the controls to other sales offices could be applied. This way an integrated coordination between different business outlets is made through its head centers developed around the globe so that the smaller functioning offices could be controlled. Not only that the process of transferring goods applies green supply chain management so that the global standards related to conserving the environment are also met and the local level issues in different countries could be avoided. This process includes cleaner sourcing and manufacture, followed lower transport emissions. Efforts are also made to apply cleaner warehouse operations and consolidate safe and steady movement such that the customers can be delivered with the high quality goods and services at their doorstep at cost effective prices. This process can be depicted as follows.

5. Importance of lead time and time compression in IKEA:

IKEA has taken huge attempts towards the accomplishment of global lead time management. That is the company has applied JIT or Just in Time System. That is through this system in application the company makes different components during the manufacturing process but do not assemble them at all. This way the assembling is left for the customers to follow. This helps the company in keeping lesser inventory and supplies the customers with the high quality products at no lead time gap. The procurement, manufacturing and delivery therefore follow an effective method of forecasting and inventory management. This can be displayed as follows.

Also the efforts are made to achieve cycle time compression in the supply chain process. That is the identification of the customer trend is made and the according inventory level is maintained so that the customer can be delivered with the desired good just in time. Also the lean production system is followed to avoid wastage of material during the production process. The process followed for supply chain time compression include the followings.

6. R&D investments made by IKEA:

The distinctive R&D investments have helped IKEA in increasing its revenues. These R&D measures include the followings.

A. Efficient production and physical distribution system:

IKEA follows efficient production system. The company follows lean production system through which wastages are avoided. Also the low cost of retaining raw material is given due consideration. Not only the manufacturing but the physical distribution transfer system is also made cost effective through which the customers are delivered high quality products in a easy to assemble form so that the cost of transfers is reduced(Besner & Hobb, 2004).

B. Developing innovative designs:

IKEA makes consistent efforts in developing innovative designs that could match the needs of present day customers. Also the effective joint space is developed so that the customers could easily assemble and build the furniture at low cost. The latest designs and colors add to the customers interests which bring out more demand company products. Also attempts are made to keep costs low so that the IKEA products could come under the budget of many people and the quality is still maintained.

C. Reducing carbon imprints:

To reduce its carbon footprints the company has invested nearly 1.5billion Euro in renewable energy developments in the business place. This way the company has opted to renewable energy outcome for almost 34% of its total consumption. In year 2012, the company deployed nearly 250,000 solar panels in its retail stores with the view to source renewable energy for lighting up its warehouses and supports the customer purchase through well lighting. Including that the company has also deployed 126 wind turbines in six countries where the power generation is now supported by renewable sources. The physical distribution system is also developed such that the delivery is made taking in view the effective fuel consumption followed by the personal physical distribution modes. This way the company has been applying an equitable and effective supply chain management in different region by taking personal interest in safeguarding the environment. Therefore the global supply chain is considered by IKEA as a direct ownership of production and the distribution process such that the effective use of networking system with the global partners help in establishing business in a safe environment(Rao, 2002). These efforts can be demonstrated as follows.

D. Final outcome:

All these efforts have helped IKEA to increase its profit margins by manifolds. The one time investment in solar panels and windmills has resulted in giving the company returns through huge savings. The net profit of the company reached 3.5 billion Euros in year 2015 which was actually a 5.5% increase as compared to last year. The UK sales of the company rose by 11.3% which amounted up to 1.1 billion pounds. Also the number of online customers has increased by manifolds, which supported the increase in sales of up to 31.9 billion Euros. Thus the energy saving technology and deployment of renewable energy production system the company has been able to safeguard huge profits even when the rest of the world economy is suffering from the heat of global slowdown (Davies, 2015).

7. Supply chain risks and associated mitigation strategy:

The supply chain risks and associated mitigation strategy can be stated as below.

A. Supply chain Risks:

There are different kinds of supply chain risks that involves in the IKEA business. These include the operational risks as well as the demand risks. These risks may include the following factors:

1. The Economic factors include demand shocks, price volatility, border delays, currency fluctuations and energy shortages.

2. The Geopolitical factors include political instability, trade restrictions, terrorism, corruption, theft, illicit trade and piracy.

3. The environmental risks include natural disaster, extreme weather and pandemic.

4. The technological risks include ICT disruptions and infrastructure failures.

A. Risk Mitigation Strategy:

B. Mitigation strategy:

The risk mitigation strategy that IKEA has deployed to deal with various kinds of risks includes the followings.

1. The company already has developed a contingency plan to deal with the currency fluctuations as the trade experts are deployed in different countries to make the transfers at the best time.

2. The company has opted to solar and wind sources for energy production to deal with the energy shortages issues in various developing and underdeveloped nations.

3. The company has effective strategic marketing planning system in operation through which the demand shocks are identified well in advance and the sale and transfer of goods from one outlet to other is made accordingly.

4. The company has developed an integrated supply chain system through which the border delays and trade restrictions are easily dealt with.

5. The company has developed online control system to deal with the corruption, theft, illicit trade and piracy system in different locations around the globe.(Wu et al., 2006)

8. Advanced technological inputs for competitive advantage:

IKEA has developed big data analytics system and internet controlling system in its business. Through big data the company is keeping records of sales and customers feedbacks to improve its output and place new innovative products as per customer demands. This way the company is trying to meet the different demands of the customers in different regions. Efforts are made to frame an effective business policy so that the customer trend can be understood and the placement of the new products and services can be made accordingly.

The development of internet usage for reporting has also been made essential by the company so that the managerial control over the expanded business can be made effectively. This way the company has applied proper procedures of control in its different business places around the globe so that the proper administration of the business process can be followed. Also the customer’s queries, complaints, suggestions and feedback can be considered wisely and applied accordingly.

The various competitive advantages that IKEA has accomplished through these applications include the followings.

1 The company has achieved economies of scale which has helped in decreasing the cost of operation and accomplishing high standard outcomes.

2 The company has achieved economies of scale which has helped in decreasing the cost of operation and accomplishing high standard outcomes.

3 The company has rooted history and therefore been following the mission and objective statement in its future business process which includes offering cost effective outcomes to the business and low cost products to the customers.

4 The company has applied all its social responsibilities by participating in various social welfare projects and financing the noble cause in different regions.

5 The company has developed research and development programs that are meant to support the business growth in the long run.(Cagno et al., 2011)

9. Advanced technological inputs for competitive advantage:

Critics are of the view that the company is not following the green supply management system in various underdeveloped nations of Asia and Africa. This is because of the reason that the local governments in these regions are corrupt and therefore do not worries about the application of the green supply chain management process. Critics are also of the view that the concept of easy to assemble is a complex process which may not be followed by every customer in a comfortable manner. Therefore the customers may find it difficult to manage the assembling of the company furniture at various times. Therefore the need is to develop more easy and lesser complicated assembling system so that the products could be assembled. In addition some critics wants that the company should offered assembling option by experts so that the customers who are willing to pay extra could take the benefit of assembling by experts. Critics are also of the view that the company has become the cause of global cutting of trees. This way it is causing deforestation. The company has been convicted of cutting of massive trees in South East Asian countries. Due to corrupt government the company was able to secure huge forest land for wood. This attempt resulted in effecting the ecological balance in the region. Therefore the company has become the cause of deforestation around the world(Fleming & Koppelman, 2006).

10. Conclusion:

IKEA has applied effective supply chain management process in its business which is spread around the globe. This includes the concentration on cost effective inputs through effective procurement process, lean production system to avoid wastage and ready to assemble goods transfers using green supply chain management process. These way efforts are made to apply effective supply chain process so that the benefit could be shared with the customers, society and the company as well.

11. Bibliography

Besner, C. & Hobb, B., 2004. An empirical investigation of project management practice: In reality what tools do practitioners use? In D.P. Slevin, D.I. Cleland & J.K. Pinto, eds. Innovations: Project Management Research. Newton Square: Project Management Institute. pp.337-51. Cagno, E., Guido, M.J.L., Perotti, S. & Zorzini, M., 2011. The impact of green supply chain practices on company performance: The case of 3PLs. Lancaster University Management School Working Paper., 1(1), pp.1-31.

Davies, R., 2015. Tack! Ikea profits grow as empire expands in new territories. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/dec/10/ikea-profits-grow-empire-expands-new-territories

[Accessed 21 Augustus 2016].

Fleming, Q.W. & Koppelman, J.M., 2006. Earned Value Project Management. 3rd ed. Newton Square: Project Management Institute.

Hillson, D., 2009. Managing Risk in Projects (Fundamentals of Project Management). Gower.

Large, R.O. & Thomson, C.G., 2011. Drivers of Green Supply Chain Management Performance: Evidence from Germany. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management., 17(1), pp.176-84.

Rao, P., 2002. Greening the supply chain: A new initiative in South East Asia. International Journal of Operations and Production Management., 22(6), pp.632-55.

Wu, F., Yeniyurt, S., Kim, D. & Cavusgil, S.T., 2006. The impact of information technology on supply chain capabilities and firm performance: A resource-based view. Industrial Marketing Management, 35, pp.493-504.

Zhou, Q., Sarkis, J. & Lai, K., 2008. Green Supply Chain Management implications for "Closing the loop". Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 44(1), pp.1-18.

Law of Financial Institutions and Securities

What is Monetary Policy?

The Reserve Bank of Australia is responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy. Monetary policy decisions involve setting the interest rate on overnight loans in the money market. Other interest rates in the economy are influenced by this interest rate to varying degrees, so that the behaviour of borrowers and lenders in the financial markets is affected by monetary policy (Bagnall, Chong and Smith, 2011).

The Monetary Policy Decision Process The plan of financial strategy is the essential obligation of the Reserve Bank Board. The Board ordinarily meets eleven times every year, on the primary Tuesday of the month aside from in January. Subsequently, the dates of gatherings are surely understood ahead of time. For every meeting, the Bank's staff set up an itemized record of advancements in the Australian and global economies, and in household and worldwide financial markets. The papers contain a proposal for the arrangement choice. Ranking staff go to the meeting and give presentations. Financial approach choices by the Reserve Bank Board are conveyed openly not long after the finish of the meeting.

The Implementation of Monetary Policy From every day, the Bank's Domestic Markets Department has the undertaking of keeping up conditions in the currency advertise in order to keep the cash rate at or almost a working target chose by the Board. The cash rate is the rate creditd on overnight credits between financial go-betweens. It affects other interest rates and structures the base on which the structure of interest rates in the economy is constructed. The cozy relationship between the cash rate and other currency market interest rates can be found in Graph 2. Changes in money related arrangement mean an adjustment in the working focus for the cash rate, and consequently a movement in the interest rate structure winning in the financial framework.

The Reserve Bank Board's clarifications of its fiscal arrangement choices are declared in a media discredit, which is appropriated through electronic news benefits and distributed on the Reserve Bank's site at 2.30 pm upon the arrival of every Board meeting. Any change to the cash rate target will produce results from the next day.

If the Reserve Bank supplies more trade settlement funds than the business banks wish to hold, the banks will attempt to shed funds by loaning more in the cash market, bringing about a propensity for the cash rate to fall. On the other hand, if the Reserve Bank supplies not as much as banks wish to hold, they will react by attempting to get more in the cash business sector to develop their possessions of trade settlement funds; simultaneously, they will offer up the cash rate. The real level of the cash rate, which results from the Reserve Bank's business sector operations, and the objective rate are appeared in Graph 3.

The Transmission of Monetary Policy to the Economy Developments in the cash rate are immediately gone through to other capital business sector interest rates, for example, currency market rates and security yields. These interest rates are additionally impacted by the danger resistance of speculators and inclinations for holding funds in a structure that are promptly redeemable. Thus, improvements in total interest, in conjunction with advancements in total supply, impact the level of inflation in the economy. Inflation is likewise impacted by the impact that adjustments in interest rates have on imported merchandise costs, by means of the conversion scale, and through their impact on inflation desires all the more for the most part in the economy.

The routes in which financial arrangement influences the economy are a long way from mechanical in their operation. In total, be that as it may, a general negative relationship between interest rates and both interest development and expansion is clear (Graph 5). Generous ascents in interest rates, intended to limit inflationary blasts, have been trailed by compressions sought after and a decrease in swelling. Alternately, generous interest rate diminishments have been trailed by times of essentially quicker development. In reacting to recurrent improvements and inflationary weights, financial approach has affected total interest and swelling in the economy (Cochran, 2015).

The Relationship between Monetary Policy and Debt Management Sound financial arrangement requires that the Government completely fund any financial plan deficiency by issues of securities to the private part at business sector interest rates, and not obtain from the central bank. Numerous nations have enactment to convey this result, however in Australia it is viably accomplished by understanding between the Treasury and the Reserve Bank. This course of action implies that there is detachment between money related strategy and the Government's obligation administration, with the Treasury specifically in credit of the last mentioned and the Reserve Bank in credit of the previous. The Bank subscribes to tenders when essential for its own portfolio administration purposes and gives registry administrations, however since October 2006 the Bank no more goes about as specialist for the Australian Government in leading tenders of Australian Government Securities. It is impractical to guarantee that the Australian Government's requirement for funds are precisely coordinated step by step by issues of securities to the business sector. First off, issues for the most part happen just week by week. To beat this befuddle between every day spending and financing, the Treasury keeps cash equalizations with the Reserve Bank that go about as a cushion. The Reserve Bank additionally gives an overdraft office to the Government that is utilized to cover periods when a surprisingly huge befuddle debilitates cash equalizations. The understanding between the Treasury and the Reserve Bank places strict controls on access to the overdraft office, and additionally forcing a business sector related interest rate on the office. The overdraft is utilized occasionally, for the most part to cover unanticipated setbacks in cash adjusts, and is stifled at the following Treasury Note delicate. The Relationship between the Bank and the Government The Reserve Bank Board settles on choices about interest rates autonomously of the political procedure that is, it doesn't acknowledge direction from the Government of the day on interest rates. This standard of central bank autonomy in the operation of financial strategy, in quest for acknowledged objectives, is the worldwide standard. It avoids control of interest rates for political finishes, and keeps money related arrangement concentrated on its long haul objectives. Responsibility for Monetary Policy The Reserve Bank's conduct of fiscal strategy is clarified openly through a few channels. The Bank makes an open declaration of any approach choice, giving point by point thinking for it. Minutes of the fiscal approach gatherings of the Reserve Bank Board are distributed two weeks after every meeting. It distributes four Statements on Monetary Policy every year, which contain an itemized investigation of the economy and financial markets, and a record of the contemplations for the arrangement position received by the Bank. The Governor shows up twice every year prior to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, to answer questions on the Bank's conduct of strategy

The Cashless Society

For quite a long time, experts have anticipated the end of physical cash as an exchange medium. Such an exchange medium has been alluded to as a "cashless society." Substituted in the spot of cash would be an electronic installment framework, in some structure. A few examiners take a gander at such a prospect hopefully, trusting that a cashless society would expand the effectiveness of the economy. Still, others, view such a prospect cynically accepting, to the point that it would subject the most private subtle elements of our lives to examination and distribution. Whatever the result, such a radical change will without a doubt substantially affect the credit card handling industry (Forgione, 2016).

Consideration regarding the likelihood of a cashless society has expanded and increased in the course of recent years. The individuals who are energy over the possibility of killing cash as an exchange medium trust that the quick advantages would be significant and fundamental. Burglary of cash would get to be incomprehensible. Bank burglaries and cash register thefts may stop to happen. Assaults on retailers, cab drivers, and cashiers could end. Urban roads might just get to be more secure. Security expenses and protection rates may conceivably fall. Property estimations could exceptionally well ascent. The offer of unlawful medications, alongside related brutal wrongdoing could reduce. Healing center crisis rooms may turn out to be less swarmed. A change from cash to recorded electronic cash may be joined by a stream of beforehand unpaid salary credit incomes in the billions of dollars. Accordingly, wage credit rates could be brought down or the national obligation decreased.

Not all advocates are as euphoric about the advantages of a cashless society. Be that as it may, paying little heed to the points of interest, or inconveniences, a few spectators surmise that it may just be a short time before the cashless society turns into a reality. Numerous depict the disposal of coins and cash at any point in the near future as a myth. Whatever the feedback, the disposal of cash exchanges is quick turning out to be actually attainable. There need not be a unitary government-run electronic financial framework for cash to vanish. Numerous electronic and other non-cash installments means are as of now being used. Mastercards, credit cards, prepayment cards, and brilliant cards are set up segments of a non-cash exchange framework. Checks, obviously, are a non-cash installment implies likewise, yet don't fit either into the electronic cashless society envisioned by its advocates.

Credit cards are in such broad utilize in order to barely require exchange. The credit card business has been described by some as being saturated. Not entirely an installment implies, but rather a guarantee of conceded installment, credit cards in any case can substitute for the utilization of cash. Check cards have been accessible for quite a long time. They speak to a genuine installment implies subsequent to the measure of the buy is taken from a record having a place with the client. Regardless of there being a large number of check cards being used, whether the relative volume of buys made with them surpasses those of cash is far from being obviously true. Utilization of platinum cards appears to be liable to develop consistently. Numerous were hesitant to issue them in the past as a result of specialized issues and the apparent trouble of making them gainful. In any case, both Visa and MasterCard dispatched crusades to acquire broad utilization of their platinum cards. These battles envelop attempting to join more banks as backers and teaching buyers in their utilization. They have likewise been looking for extra outlets which have not generally assumed praise cards, including taxi and fast food outlets. Indeed, even welfare beneficiaries are utilizing a type of check cards. ATMs have encouraged the utilization of cash by making cash effectively accessible whenever, pretty much anyplace. Be that as it may, ATMs which administer "scrip" spendable at the retailer in which the ATM is found have been brought into the commercial center, yet have not turned out to be effective in their organization. Such script machines ought to speak to retailers as another method for making it simple for clients to burn through cash while being much less expensive to have nearby than an ATM. They are additionally less appealing to hoodlums than cash ATMs.

Prepayment cards store esteem on attractive, electronic, or optical media, frequently in appearance much like a credit card. Whenever utilized, the tolerant gadget eradicates the best possible bit of the worth. Prepayment cards have had generous utilize abroad, and their utilization in the United States has become significantly in the course of recent years. Shrewd cards are one might say an expansion of the prepayment cards. Like the prepayment cards, they can store esteem for future use, however they likewise incorporate an inward microchip based preparing ability. Savvy cards have been minimal utilized as a part of the United States, yet are regular in Europe. Financial obstacles may restrain the advancement of option frameworks which are in fact achievable. The expense of paper taking care of and getting approvals going with the acknowledgment of credit and credit cards has been a boundary previously, particularly for moderate size exchanges. The improvement of minimal effort purpose of offer terminals has been disposing of the requirement for this paper taking care of since it makes conceivable the only electronic treatment of the exchange. This has brought about a generous lessening in the expense of a normal credit approval in the course of recent years. The expense of taking care of exchanges electronically is drawing closer the level that makes even moderately little buys with electronic installment implies attainable. Such non-paper trades can now have a cost advantage over checks (Cochran, M., 2015.).

Absence of shopper acknowledgment has obstructed the spread of check cards and may likewise moderate further advances in electronic installments implies. The issue may mostly have been the name "credit card." To battle this, such cards are regularly alluded to as cash or check cards. Another snag is that for some purchasers there is no net point of interest to platinum cards. There is a component of comfort over conveying cash or even a checkbook. Be that as it may, the client loses the conceded installment highlight innate in Mastercards and expect more noteworthy potential obligation if the card is lost or stolen. Considering these variables, it may be reasonable to say that the individuals who pay off their Visa adjusts each month will by and large be in an ideal situation with one of the some no-expense Mastercards now accessible than with a platinum card. Numerous buyers are prone to achieve the same conclusion, however the individuals who don't fit the bill for credit cards may discover platinum cards engaging. It creates the impression that shoppers still utilize cash more than some other installment implies for individual uses.

It is not simply street pharmacists or different lawbreakers who are worried with the protection managed with cash exchanges. Others are stressed over the point by point record of their exchanges left by non-cash exchanges. Non-cash exchanges considerably risk protection, which is lost with the current electronic credit, credit and keen cards. For instance, it give the open door for outsiders to amass and swap arrangement of data proving various things that most persons would care to stay private, including, however not restricted to, what recordings or recreations a man rents at the video store, what books are acquired in book shops or what is generally obtained at any store or on the web. Further, pessimists say they don't trust lawmakers who tell everybody that by snooping in traders' databases they will succeed in ensuring the security of customers. Rather, they trust that the government officials will utilize the information for their own political purposes – gathering credits, endeavoring to decrease national social insurance costs, getting re-chose, and so forth. Trepidation of being followed in subtle element is not baseless. For instance, card affiliations give benefits that permit banks to all the more decisively investigate cardholders' purchasing examples and target deals and advancements to clients. Prepayment cards are for the most part mysterious being used. Be that as it may, there is no mechanical boundary to the guarantor encoding data about the buyer on the card and following its utilization. Moreover, frameworks have purpose of-utilization gadgets organized to PCs to spot abuse of the cards. It is not hard to envision the work on growing.

Radicals trust that a "cashless society" is one stage more like a world tyranny. Another fiscal framework would be actualized under such a general public along these lines rendering existing investment funds useless. Still different radicals trust that a cashless society would be confirmation of the Anti-Christ where everybody would be compelled to have a blemish on their right hand or brow to purchase or offer. They cite the Bible where it expresses that the sign of the Beast or Antichrist will trick numerous religions by leading supernatural occurrences and promising peace. They expect that the "Brute" will break his guarantee of peace, run the world and power everybody to love him by tolerating the sinister imprint keeping in mind the end goal to purchase and offer products. The disposal of physical cash from our economy is as of now attainable from an absolutely mechanical viewpoint. The monetary boundaries are likewise vanishing, however a generous extra interest in hardware and cards would be expected to allow the buy of little ticket things. Some system to allow simple exchange starting with one individual then onto the next would likewise must be given. There don't appear to be sufficient motivating forces to affect any element or gathering of elements to make this considerable interest in the close term. Hence, any move to a cashless society is prone to be slow.

A significantly more noteworthy snag to the end of physical cash is customer resistance. Notwithstanding the accessibility of an assortment of non-cash installment implies, there has not been a considerable decrease in the relative utilization of cash over the previous decade. Indeed, even among those purchasers who are not worried over the security suggestions, straightforward dormancy requires a more prominent impetus for change than has so far been obvious. The cashless society, then, is by all accounts a far removed vision. It is just a couple of years nearer to satisfaction than when initially elucidated numerous years back.

References

Bagnall, J., Chong, S. and Smith, K., 2011. Strategic review of innovation in the payments system: results of the Reserve Bank of Australia’s 2010 Consumer Payments Use Study. Cochran, M., 2015. Conventional and alternative transport fuels in Australia. Energy News, 33(4), p.4.

Forgione, P., 2016. Cashless welfare trial begins in Ceduna. Green Left Weekly, (1087), p.10. Lee, T.J. and Kim, H.K., 2014. Popularity and Risks of Electronic Gaming Machines (EGMS) for Gamblers: The Case of Australia. Tourism Analysis, 19(2), pp.233-240. Norman, D. and Richards, A., 2010. Modelling inflation in Australia (No. rdp2010-03). Reserve Bank of Australia.

Thuo, C.N., 2014. Influence of Mpesa cashless payments product on the operations of east Africa breweries distributors in Nairobi county (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).

Develop a java application that implements a university module registration system.

The module registration system allows the university administration staff to add and remove modules from the curriculum, register new student , remove student and register module to be taken by a student.

The system also provides the following display functions for administrator:

1. Display all the information for each module in the module Jist

2. Display the complete list of students

3. Display a Jist of modules currently taken by a particular student

1. The application

A user in the Module Registration System is first presented with a main menu, the "Module Registration System Main Menu".

Two options will be presented, the "Module Matters" option and the "Student Matters" option. The "Module Matters" submenu will contain options pertaining to the administrative details of modules, whereas the "Student Matters" submenu will contain options pertaining to the administrative details of students.

IMPLEMENTATION

To implement such a system, your Java program should consist of the following supporting classes.

1. (13 marks - 1 mark each for property and 2 marks each for method declaration and constructor) The Module class represents a module. A module has a moduleiD (int}, a moduleName (String}, a population (int) property indicating the number of students currently taking it, and the classlimit (int), which is the maximum population size that can take the module, and a semester (int) property that indicates when the module is offered (either semester 1 or 2). The Module class has a constructor that takes in moduleiD, moduleName, classlimit and semester.
It has the following methods:

/*Returns true when classlimit has been reached, not allowed to register a student for this module when class size is full */
public boolean isFull()

/*Returns true when the module is offered in the semester sem */ public boolean isOfferedlnSem(int sem)

The toString method returns a String that'contains all the property values in the form of

images......................

2. (10 marks - 2 marks each for the property and 4 marks for the constructor) The Student class represents a student. A student has a student!D (int), a name (String),and a list of modules currently taking (Arraylist of Modules).

It has a constructor that accepts student ID, and name.

3. (27 marks- 2 marks for each method, 1 mark each for the property) The School class represents the Module Registration System in a school. It has three properties: the schooiName (String), and two collection lists, namely modulelist(Arraylist of modules) and studentlist( Arraylist of students. The class has the following methods: addStudent- This method accepts a Student object and adds it to the studentlist. addModule - This method accepts a Module object and adds it to the modulelist collection.

removeStudent - This method accepts a int representing the student!D and searches for the student within the studentlist collection. It returns true when the student is found, and removed from the studentlist. Otherwise it returns false.

removeModule - This method accepts a int representing the moduleiD and searches for the module within the modulelist collection. It returns true when the module is found, and removed from the modulelist. Otherwise it returns false.

searchStudent- TThis method accepts an int representing the studentiD and searches for the student within the collection of students. It returns the student if found, otherwise it returns a null value.

searchModule- This method accepts an int representing the moduleiD and searches for the module within the collection of modules. It returns the module if found, otherwise it returns a null value.

listModules- This method goes through the collection of the modules and displays all the information of each module in the modulelist.

listStudents - This method goes through the collection of the students and displays all the information of each student in the studentlist.

classFull - accepts a moduleiD (in!) and checks if the classlimit for the module has been reached.

isOfferedlnSem -accepts a moduleiD (int) and a sem (in!). It checks if the module is offered in the semester sem.

registerModule - This method accepts a studentiD (int), a moduleiD (int) and a semester (int). Returns true when the module is added to the module list in the Student object. Otherwise it returns false.

ListModulesTaken - This method accepts a student!D (int) and display a list of modules taken by the student in the format shown below.

005 Tan Ah Teck

101 Programming Fundamentals

202 Intermediate Programming

4. (40 marks- 5 marks for each feature, to be awarded during demo)

The SchooiApp class is the driver class, It should create an instance of the School class with Bogus School as the school name, followed by displaying the main menu option. Based on this option, a relevant submenu is then displayed. The choice made on the submenus will determine the nature of task. This task is performed using appropriate methods of the School, Module and Student classes. To perform the task selected, the driver class should include the following functionalities:
• Add a student

Prompts user for the relevant input to create a new student object, It should check if there is any duplicate before the student is created, If there is no duplicate, the new student object is created and added into studentlist within the School class using the addStudent method.
The option should display either
"Duplicate student ID" if the student ID already exists, or "Added 002 Tan Ah Teck successfully" if the add is successful." 002 is the studentiD, whereas Tan Ah Teck is the student name.

• Remove a student Prompts the user for a student ID. For simplicity no check is required to remove the student. The option should display either

"Non-existing (studentiD)- removed failed", or "Removed (studentiD) successfully"

• Add a module Prompts the user for the relevant input to create a Module object. It should check if there is any duplicate before the object is created. If there is no duplicate, the Module object is created and added into the collection of the Modulelist (Arraylist) within the School class using the addModule method.

The option should display either "Duplicate module ID" if the module ID already exists, or "Added 101 Programming Fundamentals successfully" if the add is successful.". This option keeps prompting about semester when the semester input is invalid.

Remove a module Prompts the user for a moduleiD. Allows the user to remove the module only when no students are currently taking the module,

The option should display either

"Non-existing (moduleiD)- removed failed", or

"There are still students taking the module- removed failed", or

"Removed (moduleiD) successfully"

• Display module list

It searches through the collection of modules and displays all information about the module. This option should display either

"Module list is empty" if there is no module listed yet, or in the format (ModuleiD) (moduleName)(semester)(population)(classlimit),

101 Programming Fundamentals 1 100 130

202 Intermediate Programming 2 80 100

303 Advanced Programming 2 50 50

• Display student list

Go through the studentlist and displays the studentiD and name for each student. This option should display either

"Student list is empty" if there is no student listed yet, or in the format (studentiD)(studentName),
eg:

001 Tan Daisy

002 Tan Ah Teck

• Display modules taken by a particular student

This method accepts a studentiD (in!) and display a list of modules taken by the student in the format shown below.

001

123 Module1 Name

234 Module2 Name

Where 001 is the studentiD, 123 and 234 are the module ids,Module1 Name and Module2 Name are the respective module names

• Register Module for a student

This option allows administrator to register student to take a particular module. The user specifies the studentiD, moduleiD and semester. It checks whether the module has currently being registered . On top of this, it verifies that the class limit for that module has not been reached and the module is offered in the semester. Given all the verification is successful, the module is added to the collection of modules in Student class. A successful registration will produce a format similar to the following output.

Lastly, if the registration is unsuccessful as the module is not offered in this semester, it produces the output

"Registration failed as module is not offered in semester (semester)" (semester) is the integer input keyed in by the user earlier. For successful registration, remember to increment the population property of Module object.

1. Menu.java import java.util.Scanner;

/* Class containing menu related methods */

public class Menu {

/* 1 = Main menu, 2 = Module matters menu, 3 = Student matters menu */

private int menu_type = 1;

// Global scanner object

private Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in);

// Display menu depending on menu type

public int display_menu() {

int choice;

switch(menu_type) {

case 1:

choice = display_main_menu();
if(choice == 9)
return 0;
else
return display_menu();
case 2:
choice = display_module_matters_menu(); if(choice == 9) {
menu_type = 1;
return display_menu();
}
else
return (10 + choice);
case 3:
choice = display_student_matters_menu(); if(choice == 9) {
menu_type = 1; return display_menu();
}
else
return (20 + choice);
}
return 0;
}
// Display main menu

public int display_main_menu() {
int choice;
System.out.println("\nStudent Registration System\n Main Menu\n***************************\n");
System.out.println("1) Module matters");
System.out.println("2) Student matters");
System.out.println("9) Quit");
System.out.print("Select your option: ");
choice = reader.nextInt();
switch(choice) {

case 1: menu_type = 2; return choice;
case 2: menu_type = 3; return choice;
default: return 9;} }

// Display module matters menu
public int display_module_matters_menu() {
int choice;
System.out.println("\nModule Matters Menu\n***************************\n");
System.out.println("1) Add a module");
System.out.println("2) Remove a module");
System.out.println("3) Display module list");
System.out.println("4) Register module for a student");
System.out.println("9) Quit");
System.out.print("Select your option: ");
choice = reader.nextInt();
return choice;
}

// Display student matters menu
public int display_student_matters_menu() {
int choice;
System.out.println("\nStudent Matters Menu\n***************************\n"); System.out.println("1) Add a student");
System.out.println("2) Remove a student");
System.out.println("3) Display student list");
System.out.println("4) Display modules taken by a student");
System.out.println("9) Quit");
System.out.print("Select your option: ");
choice = reader.nextInt();
return choice; }}

2. Module.java

public class Module {
// Attributes of a module
public int moduleID;
public String moduleName;
public int population;
private int classLimit;
private int semester;

// Constructor public Module(int moduleID, String moduleName, int classLimit, int semester) {
this.moduleID = moduleID;
this.moduleName = moduleName;
this.classLimit = classLimit;
this.semester = semester;
}

// Returns true is the capacity of the module is exhausted, false otherwise
public boolean isFull() {
if(population < classLimit)
return false;
else
return true;
}
// Returns true if this module is offered in the given semester, false otherwise
public boolean isOfferedInSem(int semester) {
if(this.semester == semester)
return true;
else
return false;

// Returns module information in a pre-defined, tab-separated format

public String toString() {
return moduleID + "\t" + moduleName + "\t" + semester + "\t" + population + "\t" + classLimit; } }

3. School.java

import java.util.ArrayList;
//Class containing methods that a school generally requires to operate
//Class containing methods that a school generally requires to operate
public class School {
// Attributes of a school
private String schoolName;
private ArrayList(Module) moduleList = new ArrayList(Module)();
private ArrayList" " studentList = new ArrayList" "();

// Constructor
public School(String schoolName) {
this.schoolName = schoolName; }
// Adds a student to this school
// Returns true if a student with the given studentID already exists, false otherwise
public boolean addStudent(Student student) {
Student existingStudent = searchStudent(student.studentID);
if(existingStudent != null)
return false;
else {
studentList.add(student);
return true; }}

// Adds a module to this school

// Returns true if a module with the given moduleID already exists, false otherwise

public boolean addModule(Module module) {
Module existingModule = searchModule(module.moduleID);
if(existingModule != null)
return false;
else {
moduleList.add(module);
return true;
} }

// Removes a student from this school

// Returns true if a student with the given studentID already exists, false otherwise

public boolean removeStudent(int studentID) {
for(Student student: studentList) {
if(student.studentID == studentID) {
studentList.remove(student);
return true;
} }
return false; }

// Removes a module from this school
// Returns true if a module with the given moduleID already exists, false otherwise
public boolean removeModule(int moduleID) {
for(Module module: moduleList) {
if(module.moduleID == moduleID) {
moduleList.remove(module);
return true;
}
} return false; }

// Returns a student with the given studentID if such a student already exists, false otherwise
public Student searchStudent(int studentID) {
for(Student student: studentList) {
if(student.studentID == studentID) {
return student; }
}
return null; }

// Returns a module with the given moduleID if such a module already exists, false otherwise

public Module searchModule(int moduleID) {
for(Module module: moduleList) {
if(module.moduleID == moduleID) {
return module;
}}
return null; }

// Displays the list of module this school is offering
// Returns false if this school is offering no module at present, true otherwise
public boolean listModules() {
if(moduleList.size() == 0)
return false;
for(Module module: moduleList) {
System.out.println(module); }
return true; } }

// Displays the list of students enrolled to this school
// Returns false if no student is enrolled to this school at present, true otherwise
public boolean listStudents() {
if(studentList.size() == 0)
return false;
else {
for(Student student: studentList) {
System.out.println(student); }
return true; }
}

// Returns true if a module with the given moduleID exists
// and module capacity is not exhausted yet, false otherwise

public boolean classFull(int moduleID) {
Module module = searchModule(moduleID);
if(module != null) {
return module.isFull(); }
else
return false; }

// Returns true if the module with the given moduleID
// is offered in the given semester, false otherwise
public boolean isOfferedInSem(int moduleID, int semester) {
Module module = searchModule(moduleID);
if(module != null) {
return module.isOfferedInSem(semester); }
else
return false; }

// Registers the student with the given studentID to the module with the
// given moduleID for the given semester.

public boolean registerModule(int studentID, int moduleID, int semester) {
Student student = searchStudent(studentID);
if(student != null) {
if(isOfferedInSem(moduleID, semester)) {
Module module = searchModule(moduleID);
if(!module.isFull()) {
student.registerModule(module);
module.population++;
return true; }} }
return false; }

// Displays the modules taken by a student with the given studentID
public void listModulestaken(int studentID) {
Student student = searchStudent(studentID);
Student student = searchStudent(studentID);
student.listModulesTaken(); }

// Returns true if at least one student is enrolled in the
// module with the given moduleID, false otherwise

public boolean isEnrolledInModule(int moduleID) {
for(Student student: studentList) {
for(Module module: student.modulesTaken) {
if(module.moduleID == moduleID)
return true; } }
return false; }}

4. SchoolApp.java

import java.util.Scanner;
// Main driver class
public class SchoolApp {
// Program entry point, displays menu and
// dispatches calls as per user's choice
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;

School school = new School("Bogus School");
Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in);
while(true) {
choice = menu.display_menu();
switch(choice){
// Exit from the program
case 0: reader.close(); return;
// Add a module
case 11: {
System.out.print("Module ID: ");
int moduleID = reader.nextInt(); reader.nextLine();
System.out.print("Module name: ");
String moduleName = reader.nextLine().trim();
System.out.print("Class limit: ");
int classLimit = reader.nextInt(); reader.nextLine();
System.out.print("Semester: ");
int semester = reader.nextInt();
if((semester != 1) && (semester != 2)) {
System.out.println("Semester should be either 1 or 2");
break; }
Module module = new Module(moduleID, moduleName, classLimit, semester);
if(school.addModule(module)) {
System.out.println("Added [" + moduleID + "] " + moduleName + " successfully }
else }
System.out.println("Duplicate module ID [" + moduleID + "]");
break;
}
// Remove a module
case 12:
{ System.out.print("Module ID: ");
int moduleID = reader.nextInt(); reader.nextLine();
if(school.isEnrolledInModule(moduleID)) {
System.out.println("Student(s) enrolled in [" + moduleID + "] - remove failed");
break }
else {
if(school.removeModule(moduleID))
System.out.println("Removed [" + moduleID + " successfully"); else
System.out.println("Non-existing [" + moduleID + "] - remove failed");
break; }}
// Display module list
case 13: {
if(!school.listModules())
System.out.println("Module list is empty");
break; }
// Register module for a student
case 14: { System.out.print("Student ID: ");
int studentID = reader.nextInt(); reader.nextLine();
if(school.searchStudent(studentID) == null) {
System.out.println("Registration failed - invalid studentID");
break; }
System.out.print("Module ID: ");
int moduleID = reader.nextInt(); reader.nextLine();
if(school.searchModule(moduleID) == null) {
System.out.println("Registration failed - invalid moduleID");
break; }
System.out.print("Semester: ");
int semester = reader.nextInt(); reader.nextLine();
if((semester != 1) && (semester != 2)) {
System.out.println("Semester should be either 1 or 2");
break; }
if(!school.isOfferedInSem(moduleID, semester)) {
System.out.println("Registration failed as module is not offered in semester " + semester);
break;}
school.registerModule(studentID, moduleID, semester);
System.out.println("Student [" + studentID + "] registered for module [" + moduleID + "] in semester " + semester + " successfully");
break;}

// Add a student
case 21: {
System.out.print("Student ID: ");
int studentID = reader.nextInt(); reader.nextLine();
System.out.print("Student name: ");
String studentName = reader.nextLine().trim();
Student student = new Student(studentID, studentName);
if(school.addStudent(student)) {
System.out.println("Added [" + studentID + "] " + studentName + " successfully"); }
else
System.out.println("Duplicate student ID [" + studentID + "]");
break; }
// Remove a student
case 22: {
System.out.print("Student ID: ");
int studentID = reader.nextInt(); reader.nextLine();
if(school.removeStudent(studentID))
System.out.println("Removed [" + studentID + " successfully");
else
System.out.println("Non-existing [" + studentID + "] - remove failed");
break; }}

// Display student list case 23: {
if(!school.listStudents())
System.out.println("Student list is empty");
break; }

// Display modules taken by a student case 24:

{
System.out.print("Student ID: ");
int studentID = reader.nextInt();
Student student = school.searchStudent(studentID);
if(student != null) {
System.out.println("[" + String.format("%03d", studentID) + "]");
student.listModulesTaken(); }
else
System.out.println("Non-existing student ID [" + studentID + "]");
break; } } } } }

4. Student.java

import java.util.ArrayList;
//Class containing student related methods
public class Student {
// Attributes of a student
public int studentID;
public String studentName;
public ArrayList modulesTaken = new ArrayList ();
// Constructor
public Student(int studentID, String studentName) {
this.studentID = studentID;
this.studentName = studentName; }

public String toString() {
String studentInfo = studentID + "\t" + studentName + "[";
for(Module module: modulesTaken) {
studentInfo = studentInfo + module.moduleID;
}
studentInfo = studentInfo + "]";
return studentInfo;
}

// Registers a module for this student
public void registerModule(Module module) {
modulesTaken.add(module); }
// Displays the modules taken by this student
public void listModulesTaken() {
for(Module module: modulesTaken) {
System.out.println(String.format("%03d", module.moduleID) + "\t" + module.moduleName);
}
}
}

ISY103- Database Management for Business Teaching Period

1. Introduction

This is a Project work undertaken in context of partial fulfillment of MCA.I have tried my best to make the complicated process of Online Hotel Management System as simple as possible using Structured & Modular technique & Menu oriented interface. I have tried to design the software in such a way that user may not have any difficulty in using this package & further expansion is possible without much effort. Even though I cannot claim that this work to be entirely exhaustive, the main purpose of my exercise is perform each Employee’s activity in computerized way rather than manually which is time consuming.

I am confident that this software package can be readily used by non-programming personal avoiding human handled chance of error. This project is used by two types of users.

(i) Online Users.

(ii) Administrator (management of the Hotel).

Online users can see the required articles or news Administrator can maintain daily updates in the hotel records. Administrator is must be an authorized user. He can further change the password. There is the facility for password recovery, logout etc.

The main aim of the entire activity is to automate the process of day to day activities of Hotel like Room activities, Admission of a New Customer, Assign a room according to customer’s demand, checkout of a computer and releasing the room and finally compute the bill etc.

The limited time and resources have restricted us to incorporate, in this project, only a main activities that are performed in a HOTEL Management System, but utmost care has been taken to make the system efficient and user friendly. “HOTEL Management System” has been designed to computerized the following functions that are performed by the system:

Room Detail Functions

Opening a New Room

Modification to room assigned

Check-in and check-out Detail

Functions

Admission of New

Customer Check-out of

Customer

Room assigning related to customer’s need.

Statement of Customer

Customer Check-out

Details

Total number of Customers in the Hotel

Individual customer Report

2. Objective

During the past several decades personnel function has been transformed from a relatively obscure record keeping staff to central and top level management function. There are many factors that have influenced this transformation like technological advances, professionalism, and general recognition of human beings as most important resources.

.A computer based management system is designed to handle all the primary information required to calculate monthly statements. Separate database is maintained to handle all the details required for the correct statement calculation and generation. This project intends to introduce more user friendliness in the various activities such as record updation, maintenance, and searching. The searching of record has been made quite simple as all the details of the customer can be obtained by simply keying in the identification of that customer. Similarly, record maintenance and updation can also be accomplished by using the identification of the customer with all the details being automatically generated. These details are also being promptly automatically updated in the master file thus keeping the record absolutely up-to-date. The entire information has maintained in the database or Files and whoever wants to retrieve can’t retrieve, only authorization user can retrieve the necessary information which can be easily be accessible from the file. The main objective of the entire activity is to automate the process of day to day activities of Hotel like:

1. Room activities,

2. Admission of a New Customer,

3. Assign a room according to customer’s demand,

4. Checkout of a computer and releasing the room

5. Finally compute the bill etc.

6. Packages available.

7. Advance online bookings.

8. Online Cancellation.

9. List of Regular customers.

10. Email facility.

11. Feedbacks.

This project have some more features:

System Connectivity

No data duplication

No Paper Work Required

Time Efficient

Cost Efficient

Automatic data validation

User friendly environment

Data security and reliability

Fast data insertion & retrieval

Easy performance check

Advantage:

I have designed the given proposed system in the JSP to automate the process of Hotels. This project is useful for the authorities which keep track of all the users registered in a particular state .The authority can add hotel packages, room details, availability of rooms, online booking etc.

The following steps that give the detailed information of the need of proposed system are:

Performance: During past several decades, the records are supposed to be manually handled for all activities. The manual handling of the record is time consuming and highly prone to error. To improve the performance of the Hotel Management System, the computerized system is to be undertaken. This project is fully computerized and user friendly even that any of the members can see the report and status of the company.

Efficiency: The basic need of this website is efficiency. The website should be efficient so that whenever a new user submits his/her details the website is updated automatically. This record will be useful for other users instantly.

Control: The complete control of the project is under the hands of authorized person who has the password to access this project and illegal access is not supposed to deal with. All the control is under the administrator and the other members have the rights to just see the records not to change any transaction or entry.

Security: Security is the main criteria for the proposed system. Since illegal access may corrupt the database. So security has to be given in this project.

Project Category

This Project is coupled with material on how to use the various tool, sub sets available in JSP, SERVLETS AND MY SQL. The need of today’s software development is competence in a GUI based front-end tool, which can connect to Relational Database engines. This gives the programmer the opportunity to develop client server based commercial applications. These applications give users the power and ease of a GUI with the multi user capabilities of Novell, UNIX or WinNT based RDBMS engines such as MY SQL . All the important coding techniques used by programmers, in OOPS based coding is brought out in full and in great detail.

System Study & Analysis

Principles Of System Analysis

1.Understand the problem before you begin to create the analysis model.

2.Develop prototypes that enable a user to understand how human machine interaction will occur.

3. Record the origin of and the reason for every requirement.

4. Use multiple views of requirements like building data, function and behavioral models.

5. Work to eliminate ambiguity.

Entity Relationship Diagram (Erd)

Entity – Relationship Diagram: This depicts relationship between data objects. The attribute of each data objects noted in the entity- relationship diagram can be described using a data object description. Data flow diagram serves two purposes:

1. To provide an indication of how data are transformed as they move through the system.

2. To depict the functions that transformation the data flow.

Data Objects: A data object is a representation of almost any composite information that must be understood by the software. By composite information, we mean something that has a number of different properties or attributes. A data object encapsulates data only there is no reference within a data object to operations that act on the data.

Attributes: Attributes define the properties of a data object and take on one of three different characteristics. They can be used to: Name an instance of data object.

4. Use multiple views of requirements like building data, function and behavioral models.

Describe the instance.

Make reference to another instance in other table.

Relationships: Data objects are connected to one another in a variety of different ways. We can define a set of object relationship pairs that define the relevant relationships.

Cardinality and modality:

Cardinality and modality:* The data model must be capable of representing the number of occurrences of objects in a given relationship. The cardinality of an object relationship pair is One-T0-One (1:1): An occurrence of object ‘A’ can relate to one and only one occurrence of object ‘B’ and vice versa. One-To-Many (1:N): One occurrence of object ‘A’ can relate to one or may occurrences of object ‘B’ but an occurrence of object ‘B’ can relate to only one occurrence of object ‘A’.

Many-To-Many (M: N): An occurrences of ‘B’ and an occurrence of ‘B’ can relate to one or many occurrence of ‘A’. Modality: The modality of a relationship is zero if there is no explicit need for the relationship to occur or the relationship is optional. The Modality is one if the occurrence of the relationship is mandatory.

The object relationship pair can be represented graphically using the Entity Relationship Diagrams. A set of primary components are identified for the Entity Relationship Diagram,

Attributes,
Relationships and
Various Type Indicators.

The primary purpose of the Entity Relationship Diagram is to represent data objects and their relationships.

Entity Relationship Diagram

Context Level Diagram

Data Flow Diagram

Class Diagram

Object Diagram

Use Case Diagram

Sequence Diagram

Activity Diagram ?

Data Modeling Data modeling defines primary data objects, composition of each data object, and attributes of the object, relationships between each object and other objects and between objects and the processes.

Password Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Password	CHAR
3	Username	Number

Login Status Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Password	CHAR
3	Username	Number
4	Login_time	CHAR
5	Login_date	CHAR
6	Logout_time	CHAR
7	Page_access	CHAR

Customer Details Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Customerid	Autonumber
3	Name	CHAR
4	Address	CHAR
5	Email	CHAR
6	DOJ	Date
7	Status	CHAR
8	Occupation	CHAR
9	Type_of_occupation	Number
10	Telephone	Number

Member Details Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Memberid	Autonumber
3	Name	CHAR
4	Address	CHAR
5	Email	CHAR
6	DOJ	Date
7	Status	CHAR
8	Occupation	CHAR
9	Type_of_occupation	Number
10	Telephone	Number
11	Membership	CHAR

Hotel Details Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Company_name	CHAR
3	H.o	CHAR
4	Address	CHAR
5	Meeting_person	CHAR
6	Phone	Number
7	Email	CHAR
8	Website	CHAR
9	Details	CHAR
10	No_of_employees	Number

Booking Details Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Package	CHAR
3	Bookingdate	Date
4	Mode_of_booking	CHAR
5	From	Date
6	To	Date
7	Requirement_details	CHAR
8	State	CHAR
9	Name_of_customer	CHAR
10	Email	CHAR
11	Phone	Number

Booking Details Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Room_No	CHAR
3	Bookingdate	Date
4	Floor
5	Package
6	Mode_of_booking	Date
7	From	Date
8	To	Date
9	Requirement_details	CHAR
10	State	CHAR
11	Name_of_customer	CHAR
12	Email	CHAR
13	Phone	Number

Checkout Details Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Room_No	CHAR
3	Bookingdate	Date
4	Floor
5	Package
6	Mode_of_Payment	CHAR
7	Checkin_date	Date
8	Checkout_date	Date
9	Checkout_bill_det	CHAR
10	State	CHAR
11	Name_of_customer	CHAR
12	Email	CHAR
13	Phone	Number

Package Details Table
1	Fields	Type
2	Package_name	CHAR
3	Price	Number
4	Price	Number
5	From	Date
6	To	Date
7	For_Member_price	Number
8	Details	CHAR

Function Details

The basic objective of Hotel Management System is to generalize and simplify the monthly or day to day activities of Hotel like Room activities, Check in of New Customer, Check out of customer, Assigning a room according to customer requirement, and finally compute the bill etc. which has to be performed repeatedly on regular basis. To provide efficient, fast, reliable and user-friendly system is the basic motto behind this exercise.

Let us now discuss how different functions handle the structure and data files:

1. Password:
In this module, this website is for multiple users. If a User enters a password and the software checks its validity. If the password is valid then option is given to change the password, otherwise “Invalid
User/Password” message is displayed. There is an option for password recovery, log out, login, new users sign in. The Administrator can also update changes in the site after login.

2. Creating new Entity (Hotel, Room, Customers,Members etc.)
This is used to add a new employee details, delete entity details and view the details. In that screen, the automatic item is created. In this function, whenever a new entity is required to be added the corresponding forms are opened and the database is manipulated to check whether the data is already existing or not. If it already exists, then it prompts that “Entry already existing” and if not than the data is entered with the various validation checks.

3. Function NEW_ROOM()
This is the function used to open a new room for a customer so that he/she can assign a separate room . In that screen, the automatic room number is created. After opening a new room for the customer, finally a room is assigned to a customer and the room records are appended in the data file.

4. Function CHECKIN_CUSTOMER()
This function is used to admit a customer in our Hotel after entering his all personal details like Name, Address, Phone, Sex and then he/she is assigned a room from NEW_ROOM() function.

5. Function CHECKOUT_CUSTOMER()
This function is used to checkout the customer details from database. When the user inputs his room number, the same room number will be checked in the database, if the room number is matched in the database, then the customer will be check-out from the database and transferred the record of the checkout to another table of database so that the Hotel Management has the record of customers who have check-out to fulfill his legal liabilities.

6. Function GENERATE_BILL()
When any customer check-out, his/her bill is generated automatically by calculated check-out date minus check-in date and getting multiplied it by daily room charge plus other charges and the bill has to be saved in the table in the database.

7. Function DISPLAY_RECORD()
This function is used to display all the transaction including the customer name, address, phone, bed number, and doctor assigned to him/her in the screen. This is a global repor to display all the transaction records in the screen.

8. Validation of Data Entered by the User & Error Handling
In this function, the validity of data entered by the user during the various business processes is checked through various validation checks. For example, there should not be any characters entered in the numeric fields, likewise if there is any error occurs than it should handle that particular error and give the required messages.

9. Searching
In this function, room, customer well as members can search details from the database according to their authentications.

10.       Report Generation
In this function reports are generated for the following entities:
a)    Customer Details.
b)    Requirements of the Customers
c)     Rooms Details
d)    Bill Details
e)    Checkin Reports
f)    Booking Details
g)    Online Bookings
    Checkout Details
h)    Membership Details
j)    Packages Available

Scope of Future Application

This project can be used in the hotel after adding some more useful modules in the project for which hotel are providing services.
Utmost care and back-up procedures must be established to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized hotel system. In case of system failure, the organization should be in a position to process the transaction with another organization or if the worst comes to the worst, it should be in a position to complete it manually.

Scope of Improvement

Now a days hotel are providing many other facilities, this project can also be improved with the improvement in the Hotels.
Utmost care and back-up procedures must be established to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized banking system. In case of system failure, the organization should be in a position to process the transaction with another organization or if the worst comes to the worst, it should be in a position to complete it manually.

CONCLUSION

This project is designed to meet the requirements of Online Hotel Management. It has been developed in JSP, Servlets keeping in mind the specifications of the system. For designing the system we have used simple data flow diagrams. Overall the project teaches us the essential skills like: Using system analysis and design techniques like data flow diagram in designing the system and understanding the database handling and query processing.

Bibliography
1	JAVA Programming	E.Balagurusamyl
2	JAVA Projects	Tony Martin,Dominic/td>
3	JAVA Professional Projects Bembey	Kuljit Kaur,Pooja
4	MY SQL The Complete Reference	George Koch

CMP 561 Algorithm Analysis

1. Objective:

Find a data structure that yields a better CPU efficiency than java.utl.Hashtable for the given system.

Programs of the current system are written in Java, utilizing java.util.Hashtable. The main operation this system is to insert records.

You are tasked to:

A Recommend a data structure that can give a better CPU efficiency than java.util.Hashtable for the above mentioned requirements.

B Develop a program to support your recommendation by comparing the CPU efficiency between java.util.Hashtable and the data structured of your choice. To test your program, your program needs to

1. Read all records from the file “finalData.csv” into java.util.Hashtable and the data structure of your choice – the time used for this operation has nothing to do with the requirements.

2. Insert all records from the file “finalInsert.csv” into java.util.Hashtable and the data structure of your choice.

Your program is expected to display two lines of output:

1 the time used to insert these records into java.util.Hashtable and

2 the time used to insert these records into the data structure of your choice.

Operating systems

Article I: Windows 8 beats IOS

The first issue is about the disagreement that can be utilized by the requirements of software in order to make computer systems navigational. It is because it does not have to deal with new software in order for computer systems to operate. Users prefers simple software systems to have the multi-disciplinary approach of utilizing logical and technical process that are used to manipulate and process all kinds of tasks. In addition to its functions, computers nowadays are dynamic that has the capability to interact with all kinds of facilities that are needed to be constructed as well as to be rehabilitated to carry our new structures that are more effective and efficient to human activities.

The second disagreements are about the utilization of computer touch screen technology that is not necessary in order to accomplish tasks. It is already enough for the users to use mouse in order to navigate file systems. Using touch screen technology is considered to be an advanced structure that aims to consolidate computer operating systems to function efficiently. Users can actually trust computer facilities that will replace some of their activities while performing other tasks that help them to be more productive in any way and improving their routine objectives. The functionality of using non-touch screen technology in the present era are now comfortable and safer to use as compared before that consumes a lot of time and effort that resulting into a new form of health risks.

Problems in the design of UNIX
The first problem in the design of UNIX is all about the UNIX’s assumes a static file system because it is a system that organizes files. It is more regulated than traditional operating systems because it helps to secure data that will be prevented from being disorganized. The security nature of static file system aims to consolidate data as well as other involved systems to be more valuable and secured. This is the reason why there are more users who prefers static file system to be absorbed by the users to navigate relevant information over the network security systems.

Article ii: Multitasking

The chosen operating system use is all about the multi-programming systems. With the use of computer technology today, it provides numerous features that are user friendly and helps users to understand all kinds of technical performances that help to improve their skills and knowledge of manipulating data as compared from previous centuries. All kinds of executed program have been documented and recorded by the system’s processing unit and detailing each chronological data events that were previously manipulated by the users. The execution of the program utilizing stored architecture can have the capability to employ systematic structure of program execution that allows the computer to repeat its previous tasks in a repeated sequence. Other programmable features includes the ability of processing machine codes that represents certain instructions that have unique function that will help identify network processes to execute a certain task. This can be associated with the use of numerical coefficient code that is being used to store different kinds of numbers that will be used for maintaining logical processes.

Works Cited
N.A. (2013). Problems in the design of UNIX. Accessed:
http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/~thenry/resources/unix_art/ch20s03.html.

Ciliendo, Eduardo & Kunimasa, Takechika (April 25, 2008).
"Linux Performance and Tuning Guidelines" (PDF). redbooks.ibm.com. IBM. p. 4.

Philipps, Jon (2012). 5 ways windows 8 beat ioS. Accessed:
"http://www.pcworld.com/article/2012280/5-ways-windows-8-beats-ios.html."

Nursing Competencies in the scope of practice in Disasters

Scenario

You are a first year RN who has been working in intensive care unit for the past six months. Today you are caring for a post-operative patient admitted from theatre following thoracic surgery. The patient has the following: indwelling urinary catheter, an intravenous analgesic infusion, oxygen therapy, a central venous line for fluids and antibiotics, two wound drains and an underwater seal drain that is vented to the air and is currently swinging on inspiration.

You know it is going to be a busy late shift. There are two third year nursing students that commenced their four week placement in the unit two days ago. The shift is progressing well and your post-operative thoracic patient is stable with their pain under control. Bethany, one of the nursing students asks if there is anything she can assist you with. You ask if she has emptied wound drains and a urinary drainage bag before. The student tells you that she has in the previous surgical placement. You ask if the student knows where all the equipment is kept and where to chart the drainage volume? Bethany says yes and goes off to carry out the task. You are entering data from the shift about your patient while sitting at the end of the patient bed. Bethany has just completed empting the wound drains and the urinary catheter when the patient begins to gasp for breath griping the bed sheets. You immediately go and assess the patient and discover that Bethany had emptied the underwater seal drainage bottle.
Describe how you are to respond to the incident. Describe the action you must take

Introduction

As for the answer of the scenario, it is important for the nurse to always consider about the fair practice of other individuals. This is regardless if the professional is newly hired or not. This is all about the question on how a person should be complying with their competencies with their professional practice. The clarification is correct, but it is important to check that the patient has been already prescribed with the medication before administering it. In this case, the procedure made by Bethany was not correct because the patient was seen to be gasping for air after changing the drainage. The issue in this case is all about the correct administration of water seal drainage management because it is a practice that the nurse should maintain to ensure that the safety of the patient will be always ensured according to Thoms (2011).

Responding to the incident

It is important to fill up the drainage immediately in order to seal the respiratory system of the patient. Our environment is considered to be the source of negative pressure, which sucks up the air from the respiratory system. By filling the drainage bottle and then securing it by covering the tubes, it will help the patient from having their lungs to be exposed into the outside environment. Allow Bethany to be always keep in mind that drainage bottle is always a risky procedure as it affects the chest of the person.

Proper procedure for chest drainage management

1. Check for doctor’s order: Checking the patient’s chart for new doctor’s order is an essential procedure. This is to check the name of the patient, the procedure or management, dose, route, and the time of the order. And then confirm it to the bedside by determining the right patient to be administered with the medication.

2. Prepare equipment: It is important to prepare necessary equipment so that it will be easier to administer medication. This includes syringe, medication, alcohol, cotton ball, and the label. Open the drain packaging by observing in a sterile technique.

3. Approach the patient: This is an important procedure in order to determine if the person is the right one to be administered. Asking the name of the patient by allowing them to verbalize their concern will enable to ensure that the medication will be administered with the right patient and negligence will not push through. Establish rapport and explain the procedure to be applied.

4. Ask for assistance: If you are a student nurse, it is always important to call for the attention of the staff. This includes allowing the staff to observe while you are performing the medication administration. Passing the sterile end of the tubing to nurse or doctor inserting the drain is important to avoid respiratory complications.

5. Apply suction to drain: This will be eliminating excessive secretions so that it will provide a comfortable breathing pattern for the patient. It seeks to maintain the integrity to the respiration of the patient by means of having a clear airway clearance.

6. Secure drain and tubing to bed and patient: This is to prevent the bottle from any unexpected movements that may cause the tube to be dislodged. Securing all connections with cable ties are important to prevent the patient from any accidents that might harm their health.

7. Discard: All used cottons and other materials should be discarded to prevent contamination that might cause diseases.

8. Perform hand hygiene: Prevents the spread of infection.

9. Documentation: After providing medication administration, it is important to document the procedure to provide legal reference in the future and will endorse it to the staff on duty.

Nursing education applied for Bethany and the staff

Safe and Quality Nursing Care – This is a competency that allows the nurse to demonstrate their knowledge and skill while providing care for the patient by checking again the drainage after Bethany managed the drainage. Since the patient has been gasping for air, it is important to fill the drainage bottle and secure it. A nurse should always think for the safety of the patient while responding be able to preserve their physical wellness and to prevent the possibility of acquiring illness. Quality nursing care can be managed by nurturing the patient’s need by providing protective gear such as helmets and blankets for the patient to be kept in a warm and comfortable environment as a measure for the core competency to promote their health. As an expanded scope of practice, the nurse always seek for promoting the patient’s safety by placing the victim on a safe zone during disaster incidents to prevent further injury that can cause significant damage to the patient’s health care status. As an ethical practice, the nurse should always show politeness while rescuing the patient that are in need of emergent rescue as well as avoiding to hold private parts of the patient to avoid legal lawsuits. Patients need adequate and reasonable health care services which are stated from the patient’s bill of rights and if this right will be violated by the nurse as a health care provider will be facing charges that can lead to revocation of license as well as being imprisoned.

Health Education – Orienting Bethany regarding the proper procedure is important because it helps her experience to improve her knowledge on how to prevent things from happening again in the future. This is to protect the dignity of the patient as well as not being involved in future negligent actions of chest drainage management. this is an event when the attending nurse on duty will always orient the patient regarding the date, the time, and the place because this is an orientation process that will keep them aware for their current status.

Establishing rapport is always important while providing health education to be able to gain the patient’s cooperation for being attentive to all the instructions and information that are being mentioned while attending with the patient. In the same manner, health education is one of the most important that supports the nursing core competencies to be able to implement the patient’s acquisition of having the right to obtain information. In addition to the scope and practice of competency, health education can be done by stating the patient’s current physical illness and the underlying factors that created this kind of medical irregularity so that the patient will collaborate with the attending nurse practitioner that helps them to recover. Providing the patient’s rights such as the right to information and to obtain the patient’s basic health care needs is a requirement by the law to avoid legal malpractice suits.

Ethico-moral responsibility –In this process, the nurse should always know the procedures for responding to patients to maintain their level of professionalism. In any case that the nurse that does not have any knowledge or skill to accomplish emergent tasks such as medication administration. Deciding against the patient’s right to live by not attending to their medical needs in the disaster site is an immoral act for the reason that the nurse deprives the patient against their right to live, which can be considered as an immoral act that can be imprisoned with corresponding fines.

Personal and professional Development – this process is essential for nurses that are attending with patients that are under disaster circumstances in order to gain experience and practice. Skills will be improved into a higher level for the fact that patients undergoing training will be able to become confident for efficiently accomplishing procedures at a short period of time as an emergent response for urgent cases. Being personally and professionally trained will make the nursing professional to become more self-reliant and more efficient for handling complex health care services that will prevents the possibility of committing negligence or other unethical activities that may harm the patients according to Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2015).

Quality improvement – This pertains to any health care services that needs to be improved so that responding health care utilizing medication administration will be accomplished independently to upgrade the integrity of professional image as indicated by Emerson (2010). As a scope for this practice, this can be done by evaluation for the past health care services that have been conducted to measure the efficiency if the services have been fully or partially provided to review past intervention that needs to be restructured. In cases that there are failure of health care provision especially for not saving patient’s lives that are confined in hospital should be taken into consideration to discover some procedures that have been forgotten to be delivered efficiently because these cases can lead into legal disputes such as homicide due to negligence. In the study of ethics, a nurse can lose their professional license if they have been proven to be negligent from their previous act of allowing the patient to end their life due to incompetency such as by not watching the patient while they fell from their bed and ended their lives. Quality improvement solves nursing competency integrity by improving nursing care services that helps the professional nurse to become as a role model and inspiration for new professionals that are starting to practice their profession as new health care providers according to Grossman (2011).

Research – As an emergent practice for chest tube drainage management is significant because it is a continuing process of acquiring more knowledge to increase awareness regarding issues about responding to wrongful medical administration. In this manner, the scope will be to attend trainings, seminar, or enrolling with academic institutions to continue the learning process of providing chest tube drainage. Researching more facts or insights will increase the nurse’s self determination and reliance to significantly accomplish health care tasks of saving patient’s life from disaster conditions. As an ethical circumstances, having a wrong information or notion such as providing false information to clients and other health care workers can cause miscommunication and disputes, which is a form of unethical instance that should not be practiced by nurses. Research is the process of obtaining more information that can be practiced by internet surfing, going to the library to read scholarly articles, and by reading newspaper journals to know something about current events that are related the professional nursing practice according to South Australian Health (2013).

Record management – Mahagan (2010) indicated that the process of documentation or record management pertains to a core competency to identify and collect relevant data that are based from nursing or health care services because all kinds of information will be needed to be recorded for the purpose of future reference for other health care professionals. As a scope for this action, this can be done by collecting significant data that came from nursing assessment of objective and subjective data that contains patient’s chief complaints and symptoms of the diseases that are needed to be treated that will be written to charts. Planning and interventions management are essential for the records management for the reason that this is the process of recording the current prognosis of the patient’s treatment plan that were experienced by patients in need of medical attention. The ethical issue that can be related to this event is to provide a concrete evidence for all the nursing and health care services that will be provided by the attending nurse and physician on duty because these will serve as legal documents according to the law. In any circumstance wherein there will be reproducing of these medical records can be sanctions by imprisonment, dismissal, and revoking of license as a consequence. Record management is important for health care practitioners for the reason that this competency will legally help the nurses to fight for their rights and privileges in instances that there are cases of abusive behaviors according to Hughes (2013).

Communication – This application utilizes communication to be able to establish responsive interaction between the victim and the health care provider during chest tube drainage management. This management helps the process of nursing competency by providing basic life support for patients under an emergent situation to prevent the patient from respiratory arrest. In addition, this can be done by stating your name to the patient and identifying yourself as a rescuer with valid proof of identification card for the patient to become aware that they are now being rescued and will be transported to a safer place. Walker (2005) stated that communication can also develop harmonious interpersonal communication with the attending nurse because in this process of core competency that helps the patient to be attended with their medical needs while being rescued or being treated in health care facilities. On the other hand, communication between other health care team members create positive collaboration and teamwork that is an important quality to gain more trust between health care team members to efficiently save patient’s lives. As an ethical principle, communication blocks the possibility of misunderstanding and as a conflict such as by practicing verbal harassment due do miscommunication incidents.

Collaboration and teamwork – cooperation with other health care team members especially in a disaster situation will help to unify complex tasks of saving patients with chest tube drainage. In this process, the scope of chest tube drainage management for nursing is by having an organized system of task delegation that will avoid confusions between health care team members. While attending patients, each task that are delegated represents a systematic flow of activities that creates as an inspiration for attaining goals successfully without experiencing any kind of constraints that affects the process of helping victims to be saved from harm such as injuries and damages. Collaboration is the process of helping other health care team members while teamwork pertains to the ability of the health care team to systematically accomplish tasks as a scope of the core competency. Disorganized collaboration and failure of teamwork can lead into negligence that can potentially affect the essence of professionalism between attending health care team members especially in a disaster circumstances. Implication and Recommendation of the Study

As an implication, it has been learned from the study that core competency is important for a practicing health care professional particularly with licensed nurses for the reason that it represents their degree of professionalism and competitiveness as a professional. This involves coordinating with the staff nurse if the student nurse will provide medication administration and then charting it for legal purposes. Nursing competencies is essential because there are lots of insights that can be learned from being a nursing professional in order to become self-reliant and independent as indicated by Harisson (2009). There are many concepts that can be affected by the underlying competencies that will be needed by the practicing nurses for them to improve their knowledge and skills as a professional. Therapeutic health care services will be implemented while engaging core competencies because this can be considered as a part of learning process for the nurses to enhance their practice of providing tender loving care to boost the patient’s self-worth while undergoing rehabilitation. Ethical standards of nursing practice should be embraced for all practicing health care professionals for the reason that these are standards for maintaining moral principles of respecting patients, other health care professionals and for their own self. Advanced learning practice enhances the process of improving the degree of knowledge and skills to become more organized and systematic on providing health care services to avoid ethical lawsuits.

As a recommendation for this practice, the process of nursing competencies should be more studied and researched to be able to learn new knowledge and insights that will be beneficial to all practicing health care professionals that aim for client’s satisfaction of health care services. All health care professionals should attend regular trainings and seminars for all advanced nursing care topics such as advanced cardiac life support and basic life support to be able to have the ability to save lives for patients that are under a disastrous condition without the help of physicians or paramedics. It is important to know for a nurse that attends on real life situation of rescuing victims that are suffering from injuries that are brought about by earthquakes or other natural disasters as hazards should be equipped with facilities and protective equipments to prevent them from committing negligence due to the extent of hazards that are contained according to Snowball (2012).

Resources

Emerson, Bethany (2010). Patient Safety and Quality of Health care. Retrieved from:
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_327_en.pdf.

Grossman, Steven (2011). Training with Industry and Lean Health care. Available:
http://twi-institute.com/documents/healthcare_twiwhitepaper.pdf.

Hughes, Clifford (2013). Clinical Incident Management in the NSW Public Health System: Looking, Learning, Acting. Auckland: Academic Press.

Mahagan, R.P. (2010). Critical incident reporting and learning. British Journal of Anaesthesia 105 (1): 69–75 (2010) doi:10.1093/bja/aeq133.

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2015). National competency standards for the registered nurse. Prentice Hall.

Olivar, Manson (2008). Description of Competencies. Retrieved from:
http://wdrs.fnal.gov/elr/competencies_04.pdf.

Snowball, Kim (2012). Clinical Incident Management Policy. Sydney: Government Press. South Australian Health (2013). Patient Safety report. Sydney: University press. Thoms, Debra (2011). Wow: Ways of Working in Nursing: Resource Package. Sydney: Academic Press.

Walker, Cathy (2005). Effective Communication. Accessed:
http://www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/PDFpubs/6103.pdf.

Wilson, Harisson (2009). Core Competency Framework. Available:
http://www.cna-aiic.ca/CNA/documents/pdf/publications/Competency_Framework_2010_e.pdf

Symbolic Interactionism Analysis of Childhood Obesity in Aotearoa New Zealand (13-18 years)

Name Affiliation

Introduction

There are many social issues facing New Zealanders today, couple these with low economics and low employment and these factors start turning these issues into health problems such as obesity. This essay will outline a social issue of obesity (Allison, Warin & Bastiampillai, 2014). It will then give a brief explanation of sociological theories, upon doing so the essay will then relate the social issue back to the three sociology theories. Lastly this essay will explore how obesity is affecting children between 13 and 18 years old.

Obesity in Aotearoa New Zealand has become a major health and social issue facing people of all ages. Recent statistics on this issue have highlighted just how much of a problem obesity has become.in the years 2013/16 31.6% of all adults (aged 15+) are obese that's 1 in 4 and childhood obesity is no better with 1 in 12 children (aged 13 - 18) being obese that's 10.3% (Allison, Warin & Bastiampillai, 2014). This breaks down to males being 27.7% and females being 29.12%, compare these to 2014 where the statistics were vastly different. Only 20% of males were obese and 20.6% females were obese. Children's statistics are similar but there is a definite trend for children as only some in the total population are affected. All factors have been addressed while these statistics have been complied such as food intake, food types and psychical activities. The health issues that have steamed from social issue include type 2 diabetes, and heart disease among others in adults, However in children the problems are far more serious(Bowers, Webber & Bigby, 2014) .

Obese children face a lifetime of health problems such as high blood pressure and asthma. For obese children there is a greater risk of bullying, body dissatisfaction as well as psychological problems. There has been research to suggest that obesity in children may lead to strokes, common cancers, reproductive problems and musculoskeletal problems (Ministry of health, 2011). Obese children often lead to obese adults; this is now not just a health problem but a social issue as the repercussions that stem from this are far reaching (Crothers, 2015). Our children will have to face this head on as it will be down to their generation who ultimately have to deal with this issue.

A conflict theorist believes that social economics are determined by the wealthy and therefore they hold the power over the majority of the people. With this happening it clearly breaks society into two groups rich and poor, the boss and the workers or as Karl Marx put it the bourgeoisie and the proletariats (Crothers, 2015), this division between the masses proves to be beneficial for the richer of society (Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, 2000). When dealing with social problems the conflict theory can be broken into two areas Non-Marxist conflict theory and Marxist conflict theory. Marxists focus on conflicts in our society that develop from differences in financial status (De Brún, McCarthy, McKenzie & McGloin, 2014). Non-Marxists focus on conflicts in our society that arise from differing and oppositional ethics amongst different groups (De Chesnay, 2014).

A Symbolic interactionism has a different view on the world as they believe that our society is a group of interrelated individuals that coexist in a manner that creates symmetry for all (De Chesnay, 2014). With this belief comes the realisation that corporations and families are equal in society, families reproduce, nurture and educate children who in turn provide workers with the skills and knowledge base for the corporations to continue (Gregori et al,. 2014). Structural functionalism highlights how a society works together and how one part of society influences another part of society (Hay et al,. 2014).

Symbolic interactionism is largely based on work by George H Mead and Max Webber. Symbolic interactionism looks at the whole picture while analysing the micro level, as theorist who follows this perspective believe that by analysing the macro level the social problem could be broken down to see what level has been affected (Martin, 2015). This perspective is occupied with the inner workings of a small group to see how human behaviour is influenced while interacting within the small group vs. a larger group (Martin, 2015). This perspective also advocates that a person's self is shaped and influenced by interaction with others in a social situation (Lane, 2014).

Looking at obesity from a Symbolic interactionism point of view you would have to say that not one person is to blame as it is a collective problem, that a collective has to come to terms with. With this understanding it then becomes hard to correct the problem as if one part of society is influencing to the wrong degree then that will impact on another part of society and then a domino effect is created (Lane, 2014). Marketing advertisements in modern media that depict high fat and high in sugar foods utilising graphical images that portray healthy people, make the average consumer believe that eating this style of foods will have no effect on them (Monaghan, 2014). This is just one example of the major corporations influencing society to buy items which is propelling the obesity problem. This is one part of society influencing another part of society.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that by making appetizing food which tastes good with no nutritional value in bulk the fast food companies are able to keep costs down and in doing so they hold power over the consumer as they are able to purchase a cheap filling meal at no great cost to them (Monaghan, 2014). A symbolic interaction theorist would look at how people are being influenced by those they surround themselves with, how a person/people receives and interprets the information being beamed through all media outlets and peer's a like (Müller, 2015). By bringing the person down to the macro level a theorist would look to see how these influences are being processed, how media influences peoples buying patterns and challenges our ability to see right from wrong and good from bad. The use of modern media practice gives visuals of healthy people consuming high fat unhealthy food (Murgatroyd, Frampton & Wright, 2014). The image contradicts the act and therefore legitimises this in their mind, consequently making it ok to eat unhealthy. This is how obesity has become a social issue.

References

Allison, S., Warin, M., & Bastiampillai, T. (2014). Anorexia nervosa and social contagion: Clinical implications. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(2), 116- 120. Bowers, B., Webber, R., & Bigby, C. (2014). Health issues of older people with intellectual disability in group homes. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 39(3), 261-269.

Crothers, C. (2015). Recent (2015) sociology-relevant books about New Zealand. New Zealand Sociology, 30(4), 280.

De Brún, A., McCarthy, M., McKenzie, K., & McGloin, A. (2014). Weight stigma and narrative resistance evident in online discussions of obesity. Appetite, 72, 73-81.

De Chesnay, M. (Ed.). (2014). Nursing research using grounded theory: Qualitative designs and methods in nursing. Springer Publishing Company.

Gregori, D., Gulati, A., Paramesh, H., Paramesh, E. C., Kameswaran, M., & Baldi, I. (2014). Children Obesity from Global Determinants to Local Consequences: The New Zealand Perspective. The New Zealand Journal of Pediatrics, 81(1), 2-4.

Hay, P., Chinn, D., Forbes, D., Madden, S., Newton, R., Sugenor, L., ... & Ward, W. (2014). Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(11), 977-1008.

Lane, D. C. (2014). Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque. Understanding Deviance: Connecting Classical and Contemporary Perspectives, 290. Martin, G. M. (2015). Obesity in question: understandings of body shape, self and normalcy among children in New zealand. Sociology of health & illness, 37(2), 212-226. Monaghan, L. F. (2014). ‘Postmodern’Muscle: The Embodied Pleasures of Vibrant Physicality. Challenging Myths of Masculinity: Understanding Physical Cultures, 15.

Müller, T. (2015). Volume Editor’s introduction: The diversity of symbolic interaction in Europe. Contributions from European Symbolic Interactionists: Reflections on Methods (Studies in Symbolic Interaction, Volume 44) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. xi- xvii, 44.

Murgatroyd, S. E., Frampton, C. M., & Wright, M. S. (2014). The effect of body mass index on outcome in total hip arthroplasty: early analysis from the New Zealand Joint Registry. The Journal of arthroplasty, 29(10), 1884-1888.

Rivera, L. M., & Paredez, S. M. (2014). Stereotypes Can “Get Under the Skin”: Testing a Self‐Stereotyping and Psychological Resource Model of Overweight and Obesity. Journal of Social Issues, 70(2), 226-240.

van der Spuy, H. H., De Klerk, H. M., Vogel, H. M., & Wenhold, F. A. (2014). The meaning of food for obese men: a qualitative study. Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences/Tydskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe, 42.

‘How can I provide culturally safe health care to patients who belong to my chosen diverse group?’

Introduction:

1. Identifying some barriers and good practices to healthcare access experienced by the group of indian people living in Australia:

2. Reflecting my attitudes, beliefs and values about the indian ethnic people:

3. Describing some culturally safe health care practices that might be undertaken with individual people:

4. Outlining the ways to advocate the indian people living in Australia and contribute to improve health outcomes for the group:

1. Conclusion:

2. Reference list:

Introduction:

All the people no matter whether they are from different culture, social status, and region must have the equal rights in accessing medical treatment (O’Donnell et al. 2016, p.508). This study focuses on the perspective, belief, attitudes and values of mine as the care provider or nurse. Before conducting this study, a particular group has been chosen and the group of people are Indian but live in Australia. This study focuses on the barriers and good practices to healthcare access that have been faced by that particular group. Here, the several initiatives that have been made by the healthcare sectors to provide high-quality services to the Indian community have been discussed. On the other hand, some culturally safe healthcare practices have been also explained here.

1. Identifying some barriers and good practices to healthcare access experienced by the group of indian people living in Australia:

The group of Indian people, who live in Australia, face many difficulties while accessing medical treatment because many of them do not belong to a rich family. Therefore, they cannot afford much expensive drugs or treatments that are prescribed by the doctors. Giger (2016, p.120) stated that most of the care homes in Australia focus on providing high-quality services to their care users and they do not compromise with the quality of the services. Therefore, automatically the charges of the services start becoming high that cannot be afforded by the particular group. On the other hand, the care users must keep patience while accessing the medical treatment because there are a large number of care seekers go to the care homes for their regular check-up. Apart from that, due to the population, there are a large number of people, who suffer from various diseases so they seek for the best treatment to cure their health issues.

Apart from that, that particular group gets some facilities also like the care homes monitor the activity of the care providers as well as the care seekers to eradicate any possibilities of harm or self-abuse. The care homes use various advanced technology in order to save the medical records of the care seekers to provide the best treatment to them (Davidson et al. 2016, p.17). The staffs of the care providers are well experienced and well trained so the Indian groups do not feel neglected and get proper care from them. The management of the care homes tries to involve the care seekers in the decision-making the process so Indian groups can share their opinion, preferences or interests with the care providers. They can make the own decision regarding the treatment procedures that would permit to their pockets to resolve their health issues.

2. Reflecting my attitudes, beliefs and values about the indian ethnic people:

I try to make the Indian people comfortable while they are coming to access the proper treatment. I respect their culture, belief and do not entertain any kind of discrimination within the healthcare sector. I do not underestimate them but I provide all kind of information to them to make them involved in the decision-making process. I do not agree with those people, who do not pay proper attention to the people, who have the language problem and black in colour. I believe that care providers are involved in a noble profession so they have great responsibilities to treat all the people equally, no matter whether they are from the different caste, creed, race, gender, age, colour and region. I have learnt the sign languages to communicate with the people with learning disability and learning problem. I value for the money so I try to provide the superior quality of services at affordable price to the Indian people, who do not belong to the rich family. Longo et al. (2015, p.115) stated that it is important to value the opinion of the care seekers. Therefore, I listen to the Indian group as well as try to understand their problems and based on it I take an initiative to resolve those particular issues.

3. Describing some culturally safe health care practices that might be undertaken with individual people:

The concept of racial and gender abuses brings in discrimination in health care. There are two distinctions in human culture. Firstly, language and culture that belong to the cognitive aspect of culture. Secondly, the social position of the being in the society. The first distinction faces discrimination in the health care field (Payyappallimana, 2010, p.70). Differences between Indian and Australian culture are remarkably vivid. While India has almost half a million dialects, Australia has only one; English. While in India, the caste system affects the social stratification, Australia has a discriminatory presence between aboriginal and non-aboriginal people. Health practices in India are based on some traditional methods, like, Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. But Australian medical system is devoid of these traditional practices (Payyappallimana, 2010, p.78). This leads to the chaos that the Indians migrating in Australia face. According to World Health Organization, traditional medicines belong to that genre of health practices that include animal, plant, mineral based medicines incorporating with traditional beliefs (Kildea et al. 2010, p.200). In a country like India, health practices are based on codified medical system, folk system and the presence of fate is sometimes necessary.

Hence, the absence of such practices restricts Indian immigrants to consult medical practices. This discriminatory presence in a system is vivid in Australian aboriginal picture also. According to, Health and Welfare Report of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, in 2008, the aboriginal people in Australia suffer twice than their non-aboriginal counterparts due to discrimination. This discrimination happens due to the lack of traditional medicines that are mixed with beliefs (Durey, 2010, pp.92).

I believe the solution lies in some methods that are effective in Indian minds. Firstly, codified medicines in India like Ayurveda should be included in the Australian system. Like, Central Council for Indian Medicine surveys the need for this method in India. Secondly, folk systems like bone setting, private healer and birth attendants are inseparable from Indian culture. The lack of these processes in Australia leads to discrimination. Thirdly, India’s caste system reflects a traditional discrimination in different castes in India. In Australia, the absences of caste-based health centres make the Indian immigrants feel insecure.

4. Outlining the ways to advocate the indian people living in Australia and contribute to improve health outcomes for the group:

I believe that before providing treatment to the care seekers it is important for the care providers or the doctors to review the previous medical history of the care seekers. Makowharemahihi et al. (2016, p.60) stated that Indians have different food habit and their lifestyle is completely different from the Australians so the care providers must have the proper knowledge about the lifestyle and habit of the Indian. It has been found that Indians, who live in different countries cannot make changes in their food habit so based on their food habit they suffer from some specific health issues like stroke, diabetes, arthritis and obesity. On the other hand, Mosavianpour et al. (2016, p.400) argued that the care providers must discuss each matter with the experts.

I allow the care seekers to make the decision on the treatment process to cure their health issues. Apart from that, I consult with the doctors or the physicians about the present health status and the previous health report of the care seekers to get understandable knowledge about treatment and diagnosis. I always maintain a good relationship with the Indian group to make them feel comfortable within the organisation. I undertake many training session in order to enhance my performance and to eliminate the possibilities of the accidents within the care home.

Conclusion:

This study shows that the care seekers must not be discriminated by the care providers and the care providers must understand the feelings and financial capacity of the care seekers. Then the care seekers would be able to afford the treatment that is suitable for their health issues. The care providers must know about the culture, language and interest or preferences of the Indian groups to make them feel flexible within the care sector. Here, it has been seen that the lifestyle and food habit of Indian people is different from the Australians so the care providers must try to know about it and they must have knowledge about the health issues that are mostly faced by the Indians. Then the Indian people must be able to access the proper treatment living in Australia without being discriminated.

Reference list:
Books:

Giger, J.N., (2016). Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention. 7th ed, Glorietta: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Journals:

Davidson, P.M., Phillips, J.L., Dennison-Himmelfarb, C., Thompson, S.C., Luckett, T. and Currow, D.C., (2016). Providing palliative care for cardiovascular disease from a perspective of sociocultural diversity: a global view. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care, 10(1), pp.11-17.

Longo, M.C. (2015), "Good Practices in Health Care “Management Experimentation Models”: Insights from an International Public–Private Partnership on Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies." International Best Practices in Health Care Management (Advances in Health Care Management,) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 17(5), pp.71-115. Makowharemahihi, C., Wall, J., Keay, G., Britton, C., McGibbon, M., LeGeyt, P., Maipi, J. and Signal, V., (2016). Quality Improvement: Indigenous Influence in Oral Health Policy, Process, and Practice. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 27(1), pp.54-60.

Mosavianpour, M., Sarmast, H.H., Kissoon, N. and Collet, J.P., (2016). Theoretical domains framework to assess barriers to change for planning health care quality interventions: a systematic literature review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 9(5), p.303-400. O’Donnell, C.A., Burns, N., Mair, F.S., Dowrick, C., Clissmann, C., van den Muijsenbergh, M., van Weel-Baumgarten, E., Lionis, C., Papadakaki, M., Saridaki, A. and de Brun, T., (2016). Reducing the health care burden for marginalised migrants: The potential role for primary care in Europe. Health Policy, 120(5), pp.495-508.

Payyappallimana, U. (2010). Role of traditional medicine in primary health care. Yokohama Journal of Social Sciences, 14(6), pp.57-78. Durey, A. (2010). Reducing racism in Aboriginal health care in Australia: where does cultural education fit?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(s1), pp.87-92.
Kildea, S., Kruske, S., Barclay, L., & Tracy, S. (2010). ‘Closing the Gap’: how maternity services can contribute to reducing poor maternal infant health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. Rural and Remote Health, 10(3). pp.125-200

REFLECTION ON CASE STUDY USING DRISCOLL’S
MODEL
(BASED ON CASE SCENARIO 3 OF SHELLEY)

Content

1 Introduction:

2 Reflection using Driscoll’s framework:

3 Conclusion

4 References:

Introduction

I have been an undergraduate nurse working my PEP in hospital where I have been recruited with caring for a patient, Shelley suffering from lower lobe pneumonia and brain injury. She is regularly visited by her mother and her brother at an interval of three weeks. She has been in respite care after sustaining injury and is very much disturbed for her mother who lives interstate. Since Shelley has a tendency to wander off and has been found to leave the hospital premises and therefore been advised to be nursed in bed. Shelley screams when I enter the room and flatly refuses to take medication.

Reflection using Driscoll’s framework

I have followed Driscoll’s reflective model and imbibed this model in producing a reflective analysis of the above scenario. Shelley is an independent woman who is very pleasant and cooperative. She at times is very anxious for her mother. When I have been asked her to confine her to her rooms, and close the door, she pleaded and screamed. She does not cooperate with me on the medication and I have been seriously tensed and unnerved on the situation. As I lack any previous experiences, I have had a difficult situation handling that matter. I am aware of her daily activities in the last three days, which also shed light on occasional promptness or assistance to require close supervision. Being on respite care, she hardly required any strict guidelines until she has left the hospital premises. I have been in dilemma when I have been advised to keep her to bed and put bed rails and close the door all the times. I have become confused due to moral factor, which influenced my decision making process. The whole situation has simply interpreted to me as since she is unable to take care of herself due to her medical condition, therefore, she is to be confined so that she cannot further depict any harm to herself and others. As cited by Crump et al. (2010, p.1180), The Working Group of Ethics Guidelines for Global health Training (WEIGHT) has developed a code of conduct and ethical issues for the trainees, nurses and institutions to educate them of current ethical issues. The nurses and trainees like me are to be trained of having mutual long term relationship with the organisations while keeping in mind the basics of ethical issues. The trainees should follow international guidelines. It is also referred that the potential nurses or trainees should follow the guidelines provided by the institutions to reduce any harm that can be implicated by some extreme patients. This guideline has also been used to maximise the potential benefits for the institutions. This has proved to be a tricky situation for me. I have been in a plight to choose between the ethical guidelines and the freedom that has been deprived of Shelley. She does not mean to harm any patient or people.
She is very anxious and tensed for her mother who is only able to visit her once in three weeks. Though she has been admitted to hospital only for three days, I highly conflict on the matter to keep her in close confinements of her bed with rails and closed door. When I have been advised of such, I got into a conflict between following guidelines or offer freedom of choice to Shelley. She is mostly cooperative and has been under respite care however, since she has history of absconding from hospital premises, snatching her freedom would not solve the ethical issues. Since this is my first experience and I am devoid of any past experience as such and is puzzled by this situation. On the contrary, Haddad and Arabi (2012, p.1) argue that patients with brain injury should be kept under critical care. Patients suffering from brain injury are requested to be under severe protocols and remain under observations. Recommendations are made to adhere to guidelines provided by the institution. Therefore, this context has severely affected my responsibilities and ethics morals. On one hand, it would be severely unjust to confine Shelley to one room and put rails on the bed, while on contrary, citing to the above stated argument, she should be kept under strict observation and follow the rules laid down by the hospital authorities. This is further supported by Giacino et al. (2014, p.100), who suggest that patients who have recently suffered from acquired brain injury tend to have dissolution of consciousness. These patients are recommended to have proper treatment and care. In addition, such patients face problems communicating with word or gesture. This would prove difficult for patients such as Shelley to have proper communication with the surrounding people. In her case, she suffered an acquired brain injury while falling from her horse. I would also reflect that she has a tendency to wander into other patients’ rooms and even leave from hospital premises. Now, my concern is whether there can be an unexpected accident or she may become unconscious while roaming places. Last time a good Samaritan has come to her rescue and informed the police who on further notice accompanied her to the hospital again. However, I have doubts whether she would be safe and medically fit if is to roam free in accordance to the freedom and ethical issues she deserves. Such issues have grabbed my attention and challenged my morale regarding her ethical factors. It is also to be noted that there is no standards to the care that may be provided to patients suffering from acquired brain injury like that of Shelley. Even improper guidelines create an undetermined, inappropriate, inaccurate and inconsistent care. Since Shelley is suffering from both left lower lobe pneumonia which requires immense medical attention and acquired brain injury, she is a difficult case to handle. Since this is my first case, my inexperience is creating barriers in connecting ethical issues and organisational guidelines, which in overall is affecting proper care of Shelley. Patients like her require long-term intensive care since she is also suffering from pneumonia. This adds to set of problems she is already being taken care of. Coming back to the acquired brain challenge I would focus on the close proximity that ethics and AIB share. As per Monty et al. (2010, p.585), the conditions regarding such patients remain inadequate and is on constant encounter with the health system. They are unable to communicate though can still follow orders. Their condition is termed hopeless and beyond any help from the carers. Patients, such as Shelley, who is under close observation, face withdrawn care at some instances. Since they are unable to voice their opinions they often succumb to the confined structure they are marginalised. I would also reflect more on comprehensive care. Physical, emotional and cognitive systems and their interactions are seamlessly compromised on the basis of their medical condition. A serious condition that I have faced in this context that optimistic approach to their liberty is negotiated. I have felt that my duty of care needs to identify and take care of Shelley who is at risk to herself as well as to others because of her poor emotional and behavioural control. I am facing interdisciplinary conflict due to divergence in personal and professional values. The factor epistemology can be applied here which is defined as a distinction between justification of opinion and belief. There are few raised questions that I am despair to be answered. One such question is the ongoing conflict between the psychological and physical risk. According to the hospital authorities, physical safety is to be ensured even at the cost of personal despair. I would illustrate that ethical issues, such as the one related to Shelley, are rarely resolvable and fails to satisfy the patients and their families. However, Iacobucci et al. (2012, p.480) pointed out that ethical dilemma are common and increasing in the healthcare environments. I would rather focus on self esteem which endorses social values and play a transformative role in upgrading professional identity. Ethical decisions sometimes contradict and integrate with my professional and personal views. This has conflicted with my professionalism as well. Therefore, I would focus more on understanding the significance of self-esteem that plays role in professional growth. This professional growth would help me to take care of Shelley much better. Ethical dilemmas are a part of every nursing student throughout their careers as they face challenging situations where they are dragged into morale of ethics and legal procedures designed for the safety of the concerned patients.

Conclusion

Moral dilemma in healthcare is considerably increasing as new legal rules are applied on the patients to assure their safety. I have seen independent Shelley being advised to nursing in bed with closed door and raised up rails. Since she is suffering from severe medical cases and is at risk to herself as well as others, she cannot be provided with the freedom she deserves. However, I have considered ethical issues which have on some account contradicted with legal factors. I have come to conclusion that additional knowledge should be provided to the nurses so that they can overcome emotional distress and manage ethical decisions.

References

Crump, J.A., Sugarman, J. and Working Group on Ethics Guidelines for Global Health Training (WEIGHT). (2010). Ethics and best practice guidelines for training experiences in global health. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(6), pp.1178-1182. Giacino, J.T., Fins, J.J., Laureys, S. and Schiff, N.D., (2014). Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: the state of the science. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(2), pp.99-114. Haddad, S.H. and Arabi, Y.M., (2012). Critical care management of severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine, 20(1), p.1.

Iacobucci, T. A., Daly, B. J., Lindell, D., and Griffin, M. Q. (2012). Professional values, self-esteem, and ethical confidence of baccalaureate nursing students. Nursing Ethics. 20(4), pp.479-490. Monti, M.M., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Coleman, M.R., Boly, M., Pickard, J.D., Tshibanda, L., Owen, A.M. and Laureys, S., (2010). Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness. New England Journal of Medicine,362(7), pp.579-589.

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